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repertoire included 43 operas. His phonograph records of operatic cxcerpts and folk songs arc much sought-after collectors? items. Caruso died in Naples on Aug. 2, 1921, and by order of King Victor Em-manucl of Italy was buried with special obsequies.
CARUTHERSVILLE, city, SE Missouri, scat of Pemiscot County, on the Mississippi River and the Frisco and the St. Louis Southwestern railroads, about 175 miles SE of St. Louis. Manufactures of Caruthersville includc cotton and lumber. I?hc town was platted in 1857 by John H. Walker, whose successful efforts to keep the site within state boundaries resulted in the ?boot heel? appcarancc of the map of Missouri. Pop. (1960) 8,643.
CARVAJAL, or CARBAJAL, FRANCISCO DE, 1464? 1548, Spanish conquistador, was born in Arevalo, Spain. In 1528 he went to Mexico and to Peru in 1536. Carvajal enriched himself by exploiting the pines of Peru, in which about 20,000 Indios are said to have perished as slave laborers. Transferred to the newly founded town of Coro, Carvajal became the first governor of what now is Venezuela. In alliance with Gonzalo Pizarro, he openly rebelled against the ?New Laws??designed to end exploitation of the natives. The rebellion was crushcd and Carvajal was
put to death.
CARVEL. See Caravel.
opher, luated lishing philo-iks in-tpe and ?;	/	he
oks on monist is. See
3eratic
decid-
Born in humble circumstances, George Washington Cdrvor became the most distinguished Negro scientist of his day by finding new uses for peanuts, pecans, and sweet potoloti.
CARVER, GEORGE WASHINGTON, 1860?-1943, U.S. Negro educator, botanist, and agricultural chemist. He was born of slave parents on a plantation near Diamond, Mo., and worked his way through cle* mentary school, high school, and college. He attended Simpson College and Iowa State College of Agricultural and Mechanical Arts. In 1896 Booker T, Washington urged Carver to help promote the in* terests of his race by teaching at the Tuskegec Nor*
__________- -
.	1917 because of the excellence of pictures he had
painted with these pigments. Carver developed synthetic marble from green wood shavings, rope from cornstalk libers, veneers from palmetto roots. He served in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1935-43. In 1951 the first national monument ever named for a Negro was designated as George Washington Carver National Monument, a 210-acrc farm 10 miles SE of Joplin, Mo.
CARVER, JOHN, 1575?-1621, a leader of the Pilgrim Fathers, was born in F,ngland, emigrated to Holland in 1609, and became agent for the expedition to New England. He chartered the Mayflower in England, organizetl the London Pilgrims, and sailed from England in 1620. In Massachusetts he was first governor of Plymouth Colony, 1620-21.
CARVER,JONATHAN, 1710-80, American traveler, was born in Weymouth, Mass. After serving in the French and Indian War he traveled extensively in the then almost unknown Northwest, reaching tbe Mississippi by way of the Fox and Wisconsin rivers. In 1769 he went to England and wrote Travels Through the Interior Parts of North America (1778), and other works.
CARVILLE, village, central Louisiana, Ascension Parish, on the F, bank of the Mississippi River, 16 miles SE of Baton Rouge. Carville is the seat of the U.S. Public Health Service hospital that is the only leprosarium in the United States. The 400-acre colony has its own post office, school, and occupational and recreational facilities. The hospital is also a world-rcscarch center for leprosy. The site was once part of the Indian Camp Plantation. In 1894 the state legislature acted to provide a home and care for victims of leprosy, and in 1921 the federal government took over the colony and enlarged the facilities.
CARVING is the art of cutting or chiseling ornamental designs or figures in various mediums. It is one of the oldest forms of art known. In Francc inciscd bones and carved objects have been found in prehistoric caves. Egyptian tombs, dating back to 4000 B.C., were worked with religious symbols and rcpresenta-
'arver? Caryota
297
PAUL'S PHOTOS
Ornamental carving in ivory is an art dating back many centuries, ivory is favored as a medium because of the fatness of its grain, its warm color, and high polish.
tions of gods. Mummy cases were perhaps the iirst portraits. In China tombstones portraying the de-; ceased were used thousands of years before the birth 1 of Christ. Throughout the Orient, carving was one of the most perfected arts. Architectural tracery or carv-. ing was widely used in Greecc and Italy for temple dccoration. The Ionic and Doric column designs have ; become traditional. The use of Ivory for statuettes, h jewels, and ornaments rlat/.c r------	?	~
During the Renaissance, ornate carving reached its height. Buildings, tombs, and furniture were lavishly worked. Through the Louis period, in France, furniture carving became increasingly important. Today most carved work comes from central Europe? Switzerland, Bavaria, and Austria especially?and the Orient. See. Wood Carving; Sculpture.
CARY, ALICE, 1820-71, and PHOEBE, 1824-71, U.S. poets, sisters, were born near Cincinnati. Alice began to write poems and sketches for newspapers at the age of 18, and these were followed by a volume of poems by both sisters. In 1850 they moved to New York where their home was the scene of weekly receptions, attended by literary and artistic people. Alice?s writings include The Clovernook Papers (1851-53), Ballads, Lyrics, and Hymns (1886), and several other works of fiction and poetry. Phoebe published Poems and Parodies (1854), Poems of Faith, Hope, and Love (1868), and wrote a number of hymns.
CARY, JOYCE, full name Arthur Joyce Lunel Cary, 1888-1957, British novelist, was born in Londonderry, Ireland, and educated at Oxford. At first a soldier, he served in the Balkan War, 1912-13. He joined the Nigerian Political Service and served in the Cameroons campaign, 1915-16, before resigning because of ill health. He turned to literature but discarded everything he wrote until Aissa Saved (1932), a political work on Africa. He wrote many novels, in a robust, rather satirical vein, exhibiting a rare gift for penetrating characterization and the salient phrase. Herself Surprised (1941), first volume of a trilogy, introduced scenes classed by critics at the time as among the best in twentieth century English fiction. His novels include The Horse?s Mouth (1944). Except the Lord (1953), and Not Honour More (1955).
CARYATID, in architecture, a draped female figure serving, like a column, as a support. One of the finest examples of the use of caryatids, the Porch of the Maidens, occurs in the Erechtheum on the Acropolis in Athens.
CARYOCAR is tbe larger of two genera of tropical
American shrubs and trees, belonging to the family,
Caryocaraceae. Two large trees, piquia of Brazil,
Caryocar brasiliense, and sawari or souari of British
Guiana, Caryocar nuciferum, arc the principal sources
of fat-yielding, edible nuts, often called butternuts.
One to four of these bean-shaped tubcrculate nuts are
embedded in the yellow pulp of the spherical fruits
that may measure 6 inches in diameter. The oily
nuts have a pleasant taste and the oil itself is used in cooking.
CARYOI?A is a genus of about 20 species of tropical Asiatic and Australian unarmed, monoecious palms. The plants arc commonly called fish-tail palms, bccausc their large bipinnatc to pinnatiscct icaves are composed of wedge-shaped, many veined leaflets widening upward and variously lobed or indented at the apex. In some spccies the leaves may be 20 feet long and 12 feet wide. The smooth, often ringed trunks may reach 60 feet in height, and may be solitary or growing in clumps. The long, narrow inflorescences or spadices are axillary and often pendulous. The plants are monocarpic, that is, they die after fruiting. As they are easilv m>?" r??
Or