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September 1915.	MONTHLY	WEATHER	REVIEW.	*
to return to their families by the first train at 11 a. m., but an unusually rapid rise in the tide had submerged the tracks of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad at Rigolets, and the train was annulled. The tide continued to rise as the hurricane advanced and during the afternoon of the 29th covered all low lying lands south of JSIew Orleans and east, nearly to Bay~STT Louis and around Lake Ponchartram to the north. 'L.'ie tiHe and swells topped the levees along the Mississippi River below New Orleans and in placcs the tide was reported to be as much as 15 to 20 feet above sea level. It was undoubtedly the highest tide of record in this section. At the junction of Harveys Canal with the Mississippi River, just above New Orleans, and 100 miles from the Gulf, the tide Was 6 feet in the river. Swells rolled up the river during the hurricane 10 to 12 feet above the high tide. The water was carne’cTmto Lake Ponehartram. by the storm, overflowed the protection levees, and flooded a large area in the western part of New Orleans. Over that portion of the- city lying between the Old Basin Canal and Broadway and from Claiborne Avenue out to Lake Ponchartr&in, the water driven in by the storm ranged from 1 to 8 feet in depth. After tne passage of the storm center the tide receded rapidly, except in New Orleans where the water had to be removed by the drainage system and remained for three or four days.
It is evident that the tide came up with the hurricane, because, considering the northeast winds blowing, there were no extraordinary tide conditions, even as late as the morning of the 29th. The long swell on the ocean usually reporter* as preceding hurricanes had not been observed up to that time. The only noticeable conditions indicating the advance of the hurricane and its probabie course waa a wind-blown rise of 1 foot in the Mississippi River at New Orleans, and a fall of 0.5 foot in the Atchafalaya River at Morgan City. Had it not been for the fall in the tide at Morgan City there would have been nothing in tide conditions along the coast to attract attention, with the character of winds prevailing.
WARNING SERVICE AND ACTION TAKEN TO PROTECT LIFE AND FP.0P3RTT.
Warnings announcing the appearance of the hurricane in the eastern portion of the Caribbean Sea were received at New Orleans on September 23, and advisory warnings wero received daily thereafter until the passage cf the hurricane. These warnings gave the location of the storm and its probable direction of movement, and were telegraphed to all coast stations, radiographed to ships at sea, telephoned to ship agents, and published in, the daily papers.
September 28 the following warning was distributee by telegraph to ali display stations on the Louisiana coast., radiographed to ships at sea, and was widely distributed by telephone and mail:
Kcist, northeast storm naming, Louisiana coast, 8.30 a. m. Tropical disturbance will cause increasing northeast Tinde and Drobably moderate gales along the Louisiana coast, this afternoon and to-night.
(Signed) Clive.
Warnings for moderate, gales were sent with the forecasts at 8:20 a. m. to ail telephone exchanges in southern Lcnusuma. At 9:50 a. m. tne following advisorv warning was received from the central office,"and was*distributed by telegraph to all display stations <ju the coast,, radiographed to ships at sea, and telephoned to all interests likely to be affected:
Advisory storm warning. Tropical storm attended bv jane.sror.a
wi ^ J « -	- 3 .1 *	■	’	A-
24° aid longitude 87° and moving northward toward the mouth of l Mississippi Itiver. Its influence will bo felt late to-night and Wedn day qn tfia middle Gulf coast.
(Signed) Bowie
About 1:30 p. m. the following message was receive
Berwick, La., September 2S, 1915
Dr. I. M. Cline,
Weather Bureau, New Orleans, La.
This company has men and boats on the Gulf and wc would app date advice sent ua direct at our expense if storm should head this wi (Signed) Louisiana Oyster & Fish Co
The following reply was sent at once:
Hurricane centered -about 330 miles off mcnth of Mississippi Ri apparently moving northward. Consider it advisable to rail in tr and boats. Effects of storm will be' felt on middle Gulf coast Wednesday morning.
(Signed)	Cline
At 2:40	p.	m.	the	following	hurricane warning w
received from	the	central	office^	Washington,	D.	C.:
Hoist hurricane '^amirigs 3 p m.v New Orleans to Pensacola. Tr ic&l storm centered near latituds 2G° and longitude 38°. moving nor ward. Dangerous winds late to-night and” Wednesday. Center storm wi'd probably strike coast near or immediately east of the moi of tbs Mississippi River. Advise all interests
(Signed)	Bowie
An extraordinary distribution of warnings was co: menced at once and the following injunction was giv those to whom it was sent: “Please reach persons exposed localities.” Ic wes telegraphed to all spec storm warning display stations on the middle Gulf coa was telephoned at Government expense to the telepho exchanges in the threatened area in Louisiana. Mr. Barton Baird, district manager of the Cumberland Te phene & Telegraph Co., was called up, the warning re to him, and a list of the telephone exchanges to which t warning had been sent; by our request he instructed t managers at the several exchanges to give the warnir the greatest possible distribution and to endeavor reach persons*in exposed localities. Similar action v> taken oy Mr. W. A. Porteous, manager of the Weste Union Telegraph Co.; Mr. N. E. Church, manager of t Postal Telegraph Co.; Mr. Charles Marshall, su perm tor ent of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad; and bv i Isidore Fisher, at Fishers Landing on Harveys Can who sent the warning by boat at Government exper down through the Barataria section to Grand Is Mr. J. R. Reynolds, superintendent of police, N< Orleans, was requested to post the warnings at ea police station, and to notify the people on the poli rounds that a hurricane with dangerous winds woi prevail Wednesday; to advise the people to exerc: every precaution against danger; ana to reach perso in exposed localities. The fire-alarm department, at r request, sent the warning to ali their stations with sin iar instructions. The commanding officers at Jacks Barracks and £.t the naval station took similar aetic An assistant at the Weather Bureau offlco telephone, wj a list of shipping and ethers who receive such warning called up the chief operator at the telephone exchan and had a special operator assigned to switching from o number to another so that we could get the warning the greatest number in the shortest time.
The pressure conditions around the Gulf coast Tuesd morning, September 28. and cloud conditions and mo\ ments during the day were such that public in teres were advised that- afternoon that the hurricane won probably be more severe t.linn flint r,f iorv.i tw. ....