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396
MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW.
Jltlt, 1916
SECTION m.—FORECASTS.
FORECASTS AND WARNINGS FOE JULY, 1916.
By H. C. FitAXEKNFiELL', Supervisiap: Forecaster.
(Dated: Weailier Bureau, Wfishmgion, Aug. l, 191G.;
GENERAL PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION OVER THE UNITED
States and Canada, including tiie Hawaiian and Aleutian Islands. Alaska, and the Middle Atlantic Ocean.
Over the Hawaiian Islands pressure was somewhat above norma] during almost the entire, month of July, 19IR. with a principal crest from the 5th to the 10th. inclusive, during which time pressure was also somewhat above normal over the Aleutian Islands and northwestern Alaska. With this exception moderately low pressure prevailed over the Aleutians and Alaska, during the first three weeks of the month, followed by a moderate rise thereafter. The lowest pressure occurred about the middle of the month over the Aleutians and northwestern Alaska, but tlic condition did not extend in material form either eastward oi southward.
On the whole the general pressure conditions over the United States proper and Canada wore much the same as prevailed over Alaska, with the lowest pressures over the northern districts, the usual summer condition. Exception should be noted, howovcr, in the Atlantic States which were under the influence of the three tropical disturbances of the month, with the result that there was a quite uniform series of high and low pressure area- that also extended over northeastern Canada.
Over the Atlantic Ocean pressure was very nearly normal during the first week of the month, and this condition persisted throughout the month over the South Atlantic, except, betwoen the 13th and the 17th, when there was a considerable fail due to a tropical disturbance, described below. To the northward, however, pressure was generally and substantially above the normal after the first week, except from the 21st to the 24th, inclusive, over the eastern ocean.
Tho persistence of the high pressure over the central western Atlantic Ocean, with the low pressure, over Canada and the northern portion of tho United States, resulted in a prolongod period of abnormally high temperature over the central and northern districts east of the Rocky Mountains that did not moderate until the last day of the month.
WASHINGTON DISTRICT.
The middle Gulf coast storin of July 1-10, 1916.
The first definite indications of this disturbance were noted on the morning of July 1 at Swan Island (latitude 17° N., longitude 84° W.). when after a day or two of unsettled weather the barometer had fallen to 29.7$ inches with a 24-hour fall since the morning of the 30th of 0.06 inch. The air was calm, but about 1 ° to the northward an east wind of about 24 miles an hour prevailed with the same pressure as at Swan Island. Belated evening radio reports from vessels'in'the vicinity of Swan Island confirmed the morning indications, and on the morning of the 2d it was (dearly evident that tho disturbance was well defined with a northward movement. At this time the barometer at Swan Island read 29.74
inches, with fresh southerly winds and rain. Advisory warnings were then telegraphed to Weather Bureau stations along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts and to othor interested parties. On the morning of the 3d the storm center was estimated to be at about latitude 20° N., longitude 85° W., but the absence of radio reports prevented more precise location. The barometer at Swan Island had risen 0.02 inch to 29.76 inches, with fresh south winds still blowing. Pressure had also fallen materially over western Cuba; Pinar del Rio reported 29.82 inches, a fall of 0.0S in 24 hours, with moderate easterly winds and rain. Thus far the storm was apparently of not much intensity and notices to this effect were issue,d. No information was received during the remainder of July 3 until late at night when a single radio report at about latitude 23“ N., longitude 86° W., showed a barometer of 29.50 inches with an east wind of 64 miles an hour.
On the morning of the. 4th no radio reports were received except one from a point about 125 miles northwest of llabana. This gave a barometer reading of 29.72 inches, with a southeast wind of 40 miles an hour. A report from Ivey West received at 10:21 p. m., July 4 stated that the United States Coast Guard cutter Itasca had encountered a severe disturbance on the afternoon of July 3 about 25 miles south of Cape San Antonio with a whole gale from the east. It was afterwards learned that the U. S. S. Monterey also came within the storm field during the 3d. At noon of that day in latitude 22° 31' X.. longitude 86° 52' W., the barometer read 29.06 inches with a fresh breeze from the northeast. At midnight in latitude 22c 43' X.. longitude 85° 5S' W.. the barometer read 29.42 inches with a strong gale from the east-northeast. The lowest barometer, 29.40 inchcs, was recorded at 2 a. m. on July 4 when a whole gale was blowing from the southeast, indicating that the storm center had passed but a short distance to the westward. Those reports show that the storm passed through the Yucatan Channel during the early night of the 3d and apparently had attained only moderate intensity until just before that channel was reached, after which there was a marked increase in its activity. The effects were felt as far east as llabana, as indicated by the following cablegram from the director of the Cuban Meteorological Service:
[Habaka, July Jt, 1916.]
•1:30 p. m. Tropical Etorm machine moderate intensity passed Yucatan Canal this moraine moving northwest to centra! Gulf. ’ Highest gusis in Ilabanu 50 miles (at) noon.	(Signed)	Gangoiti.
At Key West. Fla., the highest wind velocity was 36 mdes south. At 9:50 p. in. of the 4th advices were issued to the effect that, the storm had passed through the Yucatan Channel and caution was advised for all vessels in tht Gulf of Mexico. Apparently the advices of the previous day had been carefully heeded for not a single radio report was received from the Gulf of Mexico from the evening of July o until after the storm center had passed iidand to southern Mississippi. At 2 p. m. of the 4th after the receipt of noon special observations the following warning was issued:
Noon: Disturbance in southeastern Gulf, of Mcxico. but no reports tc indicate intensity or exact direction of movement. Probably moving iiort.lnre.si. inward central Gull, and Gulf slupping advised to remain iT port until iurther advices this evening.